For active old rats supplemented with soluble milk protein, an increase in locomotor activity in the open field and an enhancement of static and dynamic gait parameters compared to active groups supplemented with casein or whey were observed without any differences in muscle mass and forelimb strength. By contrast, supplementation with soluble milk protein just after physical activity was more effective at improving overall skeletal muscle function in old rats compared to casein. When aged rats were supplemented with proteins without exercise, only minor effects of different diets on muscle mass and locomotion were observed: higher muscle mass in the casein group and improvement of stride frequencies with soluble milk protein. After two months of protein administration and activity program, muscle force was evaluated using a grip test, spontaneous activity using an open-field and muscular mass by specific muscle sampling. An extensive gait analysis was performed before and after protein supplementation. We investigated the effects of nutritional supplementation, five days a week over a 2-month period with a slow digestible protein, casein or fast digestible proteins, whey or soluble milk protein, on strength and locomotor parameters in sedentary or active aged Wistar RjHan rats (17–19 months of age). Present study was designed to compare the impact of specific dairy proteins on muscular function with or without a low-intensity physical activity program on a treadmill in an aged rat model. Warm temperature and physical activity facilitate serotonergic and other neural systems such as glutamatergic and autonomic transmissions, resulting in intensification of the syndrome (non-5HT mechanisms).Aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass and functional capacity. Conclusions Our data suggest that, in the absence of environmental factors, the MDMA-induced syndrome is mainly mediated through the serotonergic transmission (5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT)-dependent mechanism) and therefore is relatively mild. This intensification was blocked by the 5-HT.sub.2A receptor antagonist M100907, competitive N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist CGS19755, autonomic ganglionic blocker hexamethonium, and the receptor agonist midazolam but not by the 5-HT.sub.1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 or nicotinic receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine. When the two factors were combined, the intensification became more severe than each factor alone highlighting a synergistic effect. Each environmental factor alone moderately intensified the syndrome. Results Our results showed that MDMA at 3 mg/kg, but not 0.3 or 1 mg/kg, caused a mild serotonin syndrome in rats. The syndrome intensity was estimated by visual scoring for behavioral syndrome and also instrumentally measuring changes in symptoms of the syndrome. Methods Rats were administered MDMA at doses of 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg and examined in the absence or presence of warm temperature and physical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess how these two factors can potentially intensify the syndrome. Objectives Warm environmental temperatures and physical activity are features of raves. The syndrome intensity is not just influenced by drug doses but also by environmental factors. Abstract : Rationale Illicit use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) may cause a mild or severe form of the serotonin syndrome.
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